Summary of Teaching Philosophy and Objectives Essay -- Philosophy of E

Synopsis of Teaching Philosophy and Objectives My longing to educate depends on the conviction that training will give me a testing and compensating profession. This is my subsequent school understanding as I have achieved a Bachelor of Science qualification in Business Administration and sought after employments in the field of retail the board and the financial business. Be that as it may, I saw those profession ways as deficient as far as satisfaction. I have gone to the acknowledgment that I need my life’s work to achieve in excess of a numerical pay. Instructing is the calling that will give the chances to me to arrive at these objectives. The philosophical position that will control my way to deal with instructing is vision. For I accept that the individual is a production of God’s own picture and has unrestrained choice. With this built up, the way toward learning is self-started. Plato best portrayed this standard of optimism in his composing entitled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† where he states: â€Å"Whereas, our contention shows that the force and limit of learning exists in the spirit as of now; and that similarly as the eye couldn't abandon murkiness to light without the entire body, so too the instrument of information can just by the development of the entire soul be abandoned the universe of turning out to be into that of being, and learn by degrees to persevere through seeing being, and of the most splendid and best of being, or at the end of the day, of the good.† I concur with Plato’s thinking that our cre...

College Scholarships Without Essays - How To Obtain Scholarships For Free

College Scholarships Without Essays - How To Obtain Scholarships For FreeScholarships without essays are becoming more common, not only for students in college but also for other people. In the current economic climate, many people are either returning to school or looking into it as a way to improve their chances of obtaining jobs in the future.Free college scholarships without essays have been around for quite some time. But most people never really thought of taking advantage of this offer. The internet has changed that though.With all of the new websites, there are now literally thousands of scholarship programs out there. It is becoming very difficult to figure out which ones actually work and which ones aren't worth pursuing. It is for this reason that people are turning to the internet to help them with this issue.Finding scholarship essay ideas can be somewhat difficult, which is why it is so important to take advantage of an online scholarship guide. There are many benefits to using an online scholarship guide that you can apply for or make your own application for. Below are just a few:Essays aren't usually tested for plagiarism. Students will also usually write a lot of information about themselves, which makes it very difficult to see what their true talent is. By using an online scholarship guide, you can submit your essay and then have it edited by someone else.Many of these sites allow you to edit and tailor your essay according to your specific needs. Some of them will ask you to go through a rigorous process and others are only a formality. Either way, you will have a better chance of success if you use a site that is professional in nature.There are websites out there that have already graduated high school essay writers that have already graduated from colleges. They know exactly what they are doing and can help you get your college scholarship without any test or essay writing required.They will make sure that your essay is properly written and unique. You should be able to upload your essay, and then have it edited by someone who knows what they are doing.

Essays --

Bipolar turmoil is named a constant disease that may require a deep rooted treatment intend to monitor. Bipolar confusion is otherwise called hyper burdensome turmoil. An individual that has bipolar confusion can encounter uncommon varieties in their states of mind going from hyper highs to burdensome lows. Bipolar encounters can fluctuate all relying upon the person. Through this paper we will take a gander at the impacts, causes, manifestations, and medications of this infection. More than 2,000,000 Americans are determined to have bipolar confusion. This ascent in finding of bipolar issue is added to the off base conclusion of this ailment. To start to comprehend bipolar turmoil, knowing the two principle classifications Bipolar I and Bipolar II is an absolute necessity. Bipolar I issue is the condition of this infection where the individual analyzed has high burdensome hyper cycles. The individual presentations sentiments of expanded socialization, garrulity, affectedness, and impulsivness. Individuals encountering this hyper burdensome state regularly rest for a couple of hours. This lack of sleep can make these person's downturn spike causeing them to be exceptionally irate and fractious. Patients with Bipolar II show a type of craziness called hypomania. In contrast to Bipolar I, people determined to have Bipolar II have low vitality levels, hypersomnia, and weakness without any problem. Bipolar confusion is amazingly powerful as in it doesn't simply influence the people state of mind. Bipolar confusion influences patient's capacity to oversee sentiments, it negatively affects their psyche and body, and bipolar issue makes it very hard to adapt to regular daily existence. This ailment causes major mental weight. Bipolar confusion doesn't segregate among race, ge... ...isodes. In different cases, scenes can be straightforwardly related demonstrating regular examples. These cases are classified quick cyclers which means four scenes inside a year. In patients with Bipolar I the malady for the most part begins with a hyper scene. The hyper scenes that the individual has exceeds the burdensome scenes. In Bipolar II patients experience the ill effects of cut off misery. They may experience slight hyper scenes, yet burdensome scenes do exceed them. In blended states burdensome and hyper side effects happen at the same time in fast progressions. Bipolar turmoil can be hazardous because of the extraordinary emotional episodes between the feeling of hapiness or despondency and sorrow. The consistent adjustment between scenes makes it significantly hard to manage regular typical life and circumstances. This can cause an expanded danger of self destruction in bipolar confusion patients.

Aimia Foods Climate Change And Innovation Management Case - 2200 Words

Aimia Foods Climate Change And Innovation Management Case (Essay Sample) Content: Aimia Foods Ltd Climate Change and Innovation Case Study Final ResitNameAffiliationDateExecutive SummaryIamia Ltd was a business that manufacture, distributed and sold foods and beverages in UK, Europe, Australia, and Middle East. The business operated in the industrial sector where innovations and climate had significant influence. The implications of the climate in the industrial sector included influence on the availability of the raw materials, the amount consumed in the market, as well as the supply chain management. Aimia Ltd responded to the climate issues by developing a strategic marketing plan based on the climate factors. However, the business needed to recheck their position about the bulk production to cushion against unexpected drop in the raw materials availability. It was possible that the products that were produced in surplus were not consumed during the seasons of low raw materials production since the climate that did not favor raw materials produc tion also did not favor consumption of the products.The food and beverage industry was faced with critical innovation issues. Iamia organization had responded to the innovation challenges through adoption of online marketing, ordering, and selling platforms. The business was employing their HRM as a competitive end by attracting, hiring, and retaining the best labor in the market. The organization had highly differentiated and customized products to suit a varied categorization of the consumers. The categorization was along gender, age, ethnicity, cultural, seasons and weather, religious, health and medical needs and concerns, families, as well as social principles and concerns. However, the organization needed to optimize on the use of the management information and decision support systems in the marketing, production, and operations.Table of ContentsIntroduction4Influence of the Climate Changes to the Foods Beverage.4Influence of the Innovation to the Food and Beverage business today..6Response of the Iamia Foods Ltd to the Climate Changes..7Response of the Iamia Foods Ltd to the Innovation Changes.9Areas of Improvement about Innovation for Iamia Foods.11Conclusion.13Bibliography..15IntroductionAimia foods were an organization that represented the interest of the Cott Corporation that was an international food and beverage manufacturer. The business manufactured foods and beverages that were sold employing various fronts in the UK, across Europe, Middle East, and Australia. The business employed 320 permanent staffs I the three manufacturing units that were located in the North West England. Their core strengths were in the processing, marketing, and sales of their manufactured goods and other third party licensed food and beverage products of the international organizations. Aimia sold the manufactured and licensed products through food service, retail, vending, and cash and carry across the UK market through an established distributor market (Aimiafods.c om, 2017).The business provided specialist-outsourcing services to the blue chip organizations that outsource the entire or part of the manufacturing design. The approach has established a number of the bespoke production facilities for the FTSE 100, NASDAQ, and NYSE listed customers. The business provided benefit to the collaborating businesses that included risk and project management, packaging development, product innovation and development, co-manufacturing, and distribution. The author will evaluate the influence of the climate and innovation changes to the foods and beverage industry where Aimia Foods Ltd operated (Aimiafods.com, 2017, p. 2). The writer will explore and evaluate the strategies by the Aimia foods to respond to the innovation and climate changes effects in the industry. In addition, the author will identify the areas of underperformance and provide recommendations for the designs to address the areas of improvement about innovation and climate changes to improv e the performance and competency of the organization.Influence of the Climate Changes to the Foods BeverageClimate changes are one of the critical environmental and natural factors that influence the performance and success of the foods and beverage industries. Climate and weather changes play a critical part in the development of the agricultural sector that that provides the raw materials to be employed in the foods and beverage manufacturing. Most of the large scale and estate farmers that provide the raw materials to be used in the production of the foods and beverages rely on the natural weather for the performance of their crops. Although some farmers in the developing countries employ artificial designs to improve on the agricultural production, the highest percentage of the success is determined by the natural weather and climatic conditions. The recent changes in the climate and weather attributed to the climatic changes have influenced the operations of the foods and beve rage industries significantly (Gupta and Lonial,,2009).The climate and weather conditions determine the planting and the harvesting times of the agricultural products that are used in the manufacturing and processing of the foods and beverages. With the changes in the weather and climatic conditions, the scheduling in the manufacturing of the foods and beverages are affected significantly and lack of appropriate planning could result to the inability of the business providing products that meets the market demands. On the other hand, the changes in the climate and weather conditions influence the consumptions trends of the foods and the beverages produced. The types of the foods and beverages products demanded by the people in the different seasons of the year and in the regions characterized by diverse climate conditions are quite varied (Kundu and Kar, 2013).The populations that live in the regions with extreme low temperatures may prefer hot beverages as compared to cold drinks. The populations in these places tend to prefer drugs that jog their minds such as tea, coffee, spirits, and gins more to beer and other non-alcoholic drinks. On the other hand, the populations living in the deserts where the temperatures are quite hot in most of the times in the year, the people tend to prefer cold drinks that cool their bodies. The population may prefer non-alcoholic beverages more as compared to the people living in the cold and polar regions that may prefer strong alcoholic drinks. In addition, climate changes influence the supply chain cost and management in the foods and beverage industry. Changes in the climate that has the former areas that produced raw materials seize to produce, the manufacturer will be forced to change the supply-chain structure and source the materials from other parts of the World. The design could be quite expensive for the organization (Gupta and Lonial, 2009, p. 249).Influence of the Innovation to the Food and Beverage business todayI nnovation can be defined as the creative developments that are aimed to improve the productivity, performance, sustainability, relevance, and efficiency of the business. Innovations can be along the establishment of improved manufacturing processes and designs, development of a reduced process approach in the business management and operations, innovation of differentiated and customized products that competes favorably in the market among others. The innovations in the business can be in the entire tasks that comprise of the business operations. In the foods and beverage sector, innovations are critical for effective competition, sustainability relevance, and efficiency of the firm (Turban, McLean and Wetherbe,1999).The foods and beverage sector is among one of the fields faced with critical competition. One of the critical completion issues facing the industry is attributed to the minimal product differentiation that can be attained in the sector. The foods and beverages are almos t similar across the globe and the businesses provide almost similar products. The innovative designs in the business are along other aspects such as customer care and relations, changes in the manufacturing and processing design for the most cost-effective approach, and supply-chain management. Approaches that focus on the best HR management and functions leading to the optimization of the use of the human resource in the business are highly effective in increasing the performance, competency, and profitability of the firm. Although the innovations about the product design and packag...

Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay

Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find is one of the most well-known short stories in American history. A Good Man Is Hard to Find is a disturbing short story that exemplifies grace in extremity as well as the threat of an intruder. The story tells of an elderly grandmother and her family who embark on a road trip to Florida. The grandmother is a stubborn old woman with a low sense of morality. While on the trip, the grandmother convinces her son to take a detour which results in a broken down car and an encounter with a convicted fugitive, The Misfit. Although the grandmother pleads for mercy, The Misfit kills off the rest of her family. Through the grace she finds in her extreme circumstance, the grandmother calls The†¦show more content†¦The Misfit is a looming threat according the grandmother and his eventual appearance causes a dramatic change to the family and to the grandmother’s stubborn views on life. O’Connor may have play ed on the United States’ fears at the time and used the time period to influence her plot. Flannery O’Connor was born to a devout Christian couple in Southern Georgia in 1925 (Gordon). Georgia is where she would spend much of her life and therefore acquire an excellent understanding of Southern life and mores. Flannery O’Connor was raised as a Catholic, which resulted in her strong sense of spirituality; which she incorporated into much of her work. Flannery O’Connor studied social sciences while in college before she began to participate in writing workshops and joined a masters’ program for creative writing (Gordon). When O’Connor began to write short stories and novels, she used an unconventional and rather dark approach which intended to shock readers in mid-1900 America. Flannery O’Connor claimed that Catholicism was at the heart of many of her writings and that the stories were only as harsh as the reality that is Christianity (Shmoop Editorial Team). O’Connor used this dark approach while writing A Good Man Is H ard to Find, portraying the grandmother’s cruel murder as the source of her salvation. O’Connor’s strong spiritual upbringing may have given her reason to write about the idea of grace andShow MoreRelatedFlannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dysfunctional: Psychoanalysis of Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Murder of women, children, and even a baby is a harsh image used by Flannery O’Connor in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.† The imagery is an effective literary device used to convey ironic tragedy, the struggle of female characters, and the family unit. The story follows a family on a trip to Florida when their journey, interrupted by an ill-fated detour resulting in a car wreck, ends in murder after they cross pathsRead MoreFlannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Revelation1436 Words   |  6 Pagesand racism, which is observed in the perspective of black and white individuals. Some of the most familiar southern authors are William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor, and Cormac McCarthy. One author in particular, Flannery O’Connor, is a remarkable author, who directly reflects upon southern grotesque within her two short stories, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Revelation.† These two short stories are very similar to each other, which is why I believe that O’Connor often writes with violent charactersRead MoreFlannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find1171 Words   |  5 Pages When one first begins to read A Good Man is Hard to Find, by Flannery O’Connor, one is assailed by the humorous petty grievances of a mother living under her son’s roof disrespected by her grandchildren and lonely in a house filled with people, clutching at memories of days long passed similar to the Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie. As the story unfolds one begins to see the indifference of Bailey toward his family in general and especially his mother—rightly so, as the ‘old lady’Read MoreFlannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor had her roots set in Milledgeville, Georgia, which happens to be one of many states that when combined, form what is known as the â€Å"Bible Belt† of America. I n respect to this, O’Connor talks about her beliefs: â€Å"This means that for me the meaning of life is centered in our Redemption by Christ and what I see in the world I see in relation to that† (O’Connor 482-483). As O’Connor was a devout Catholic, violence was not a direct preaching, but Joyce Carol Oates writes that â€Å"succumbingRead More The Misfit in Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find466 Words   |  2 PagesThe Misfit in Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find I feel that the Grandmother in the story A Good Man is Hard to Find suffers from psychological conditions. She does not care at all about anyone but herself. I feel that she may even be narcissistic. It is ironic because she would be expected to look out for her family. The Cambridge Dictionary defines narcissism as too much interest in and admiration for your own physical appearance and/or your own abilities It is ironic becauseRead MoreIrony and Foreshadowing in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find1604 Words   |  7 PagesAs I read Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, I find myself being completely consumed by the rich tale that the author weaves; a tragic and ironic tale that concisely and precisely utilizes irony and foreshadowing with expert skill. As the story progresses, it is readily apparent that the story will end in a tragic and predictable state due to the devices which O’Connor expertly employs and th usly, I find that I cannot stop reading it; the plot grows thicker with everyRead MoreA False Reality in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find537 Words   |  3 Pages In most of Flannery O’Connor’s short stories a number of characters have a hard time seeing an ultimate reality in their life. They tend to have a distorted grasp on reality but not all in the same way. In the story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† the Misfit and the Grandmother are prime examples. The actions and the way of life of the Misfit and Grandmother are mostly due to the fact that they are living in an false reality where they are in their own little world, where in the Misfit’s worldRead More Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay example1357 Words   |  6 Pages Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find A Good Man is Hard to Find presents a masterful portrait of a woman who creates a self and a world through language. At least that is what Mary Jane Shenck thinks of the Flannery OConnor story. Several different people have several different views of this controversial and climatic work of OConnors. In this paper I will take a look at these different views of different situations and characters in this book. First we will take a look atRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†755 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of being a â€Å"good† person has painted the picture of how people have handled their lives throughout history. On the same note, this concept has also been the subject of much debate; such is the case in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. The protagonist, the unnamed grandmother struggles to find the â€Å"good† in others and herself. O’Conner uses foreshadowing, characterization, and a distinct point of view to make her point. In my interpretation, her point is that only throughRead More Turns and Twists in Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find1230 Words   |  5 PagesTurns and Twists in Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find Irony is a useful tool for giving stories unexpected turns and twists. In Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find, irony is used as a very effective literary tool; to guide the story in and out of what we think will happen. OConnor uses irony in this story to contradict statements and situations to expose a truth very much different from what we the reader would think to be true. OConnor use irony in several different

Religious Interreligiously Organizational Goals

Question: Discuss about the Religious Interreligiously for Organizational Goals. Answer: Introduction: The concept of interfaith dialog is a very emerging and interesting one. It refers to a cooperative and highly positive approach towards integrating the basic concepts of different religions, through the interaction of people belonging to a variety of religious backgrounds. However, it should be demarcated from the concept of Syncretism that intends to develop mutual respect and acceptance of other religions, as interfaith dialog essentially means a creative process of synthesizing new beliefs and ideals of different religions (Lando et al., 2015). According to Dr. Hans Kung, interfaith dialog is highly important to ensure peace in the world and to enable the people of diverse religions accept the greater and universal Divine truth, and the same is possible only through international interfaith initiatives (Phan, 2015). The interfaith dialog has succeeded to emerge as a highly important concept, especially in the era of globalization, whereby people are now more eager to explore what lies beyond the narrow confines of their own religion, so that they can enrich their awareness of the Divine World. Hence, this is the reason why interfaith dialog is only possible when each participant believes in the inherent goodness and possible integrity of all the religions, and none of them tends to proselytizeany other participant in the process (Hoffman Thelen, 2014). Thus, interfaith dialog enables the participants to understand the areas of similarities, consensus and divergence through the continued discussion, and helps to comprehend the religious philosophy in a better way. Apart from ensuring peace, it enlightens humankind. As far as the interfaith dialog is concerned, there are four possible approaches that can be used by the participants. The first and foremost approach is the Exclusivist approach, and this approach upholds the undeniable importance of having faith in Christianity. The Exclusivist approach does not usually consider the supremacy or even relevance of any other religion, and exhibits an explicit conviction in Christianity. A variety of religious texts, such as John 14:6 are being cited usually, for endorsing this approach (Morgan, 2016). The members of other religious community may not accept this approach, as it relies solely on the importance of attaining salvation through Christ, and does not acknowledge the importance of any other religion. Just like the Exclusivist approach, the Inclusivist approach also upholds the reigning importance of Christ. According to this approach, the entire world, with a variety of people belonging to different religious backgrounds, get reconciled only with the aid of Christ. It although does not directly uphold the importance of Christianity for salvation in life, this approach relies on the idea that irrespective of whether an individual believes in Christ or not, Christ is the reason of happiness experienced by each individual in life. He is the source of life, and he enlightens anyone, even if he does not acknowledge the existence of Him. The third approach is however much wider and inclusive, and is referred to as the Pluralistic approach, that claims that there is a variety of paths to reach God. Though Christ is one of the ways to receive divine Grace, he is not the only way. The Pluralist approach claims that it is important to integrate each religious faith with that of the other, as it can successfully help in creating the common global good (Acar, 2013). This approach is comparatively more popular as it acknowledges the fact that no religion speaks with finality about God, and in order to spiritually enrich our knowledge we should refer to the different religious views. The fourth approach, the Transformation Approach claims that considering other religious views is equally important for helping humans with any religious affiliation undergo real spiritual transformation in life (Ftzergald, 2016). Each religion has a different ideology and a specifically distinguished definition of the Almighty, the Supernatural or the spiritual experiences. However, in a global world, as the lines of demarcation between religions is getting gradually blurred, people are getting more drawn towards the act of synthesizing and harmonizing their religious views for the manifestation of the Divine Reality, the ultimate truth of life. The ultimate aim of the Interfaith Dialog is not merely to promote harmony and unity in a culturally diverse world, but to enlighten each man about the Divine Truth. The central idea here is that no religion is complete by its own, and one can get a comprehensive religious world view only after considering the multiple religious theories, different religious thoughts, ideas and beliefs about the same God, the Creator and the source of life in the world. He might be called Christ or Allah, but the God remains one and many, and a comprehensive concept can only be derive d through intensive interpersonal relationships among different religious groups via mutual discussion. Reference List: Acar, E. (2013). Effects of interfaith dialog activities: The role of a Turkish Student Association at an East Coast US University.Educational Research and Reviews,8(14), 1144. Fitzgerald, M. L. (2016). Vatican II and Interfaith Dialogue. InInterfaith Dialogue(pp. 3-15). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hoffman, L. and Thelen, M. (2014). Interfaith Dialog. InEncyclopedia of Psychology and Religion(pp. 880-881). Springer US. Lando, A. L., Muthuri, L., Odira, P. R. (2015). The importance of interfaith dialog in the workplace for achieving organizational goals: a Kenyan case study.Language and Intercultural Communication,15(1), 62-75. Morgan, F. (2016). Jewish Perspectives on Interfaith Dialogue After Nostra Aetate. InInterfaith Dialogue(pp. 31-44). Palgrave Macmillan US. Phan, P. C. (2015).Being religious interreligiously: Asian perspectives on interfaith dialogue. Orbis books.

This Nation, From Its Inception Had A Lust For Real Estate. Essays

This nation, from its inception had a lust for real estate. From the original chants of "manifest destiny" to the calls for the annexation of Indian territories our nation has been driven to acquire land. In this country's youth land was needed for economic expansion. However, by the end of the 19th century the entire continental United States was in our possession and the citizenry of this country turned their eyes out to sea. the United States no longer sought new lands to farm and work nor did they need new areas for their geological resources, the motives had changed. the United States was now driven by the temptations of world power and political one-ups-manship. the self-absorbed citizenry looked upon their intrusion into foreign areas as a moral obligation; to spread the words of democracy and Christ throughout the world. the Spanish - American War in the final years of the 19th century perfectly demonstrate this "new" Imperialism. In addition the American intrusion into Chinese affairs during the Boxer rebellion is also a proof for the new motives which governed our international attitude. By the end of the 19th century Spanish forces in Cuba were in all out battle with nationalist rebels. the Spanish army had tortured and killed thousands of innocent Cubans in their efforts to maintain control of Cuba. the American "Yellow Press" under the leadership of Pulitzer and others wrote horrific articles about the war in Cuba and called for the imposition of the United States into the matter under the flag of moral obligation. President McKinley and his war hungry Congress saw this as a perfect opportunity to have a "nice little war" and bolster the status of the United States in the international community. the war with Spain also gave McKinley am excuse to invade the Spanish controlled Philippine islands, an important naval site which would give the United States a voice in the far east. After, the United States Navy massacred the meek Spanish Armada and defeated the Spanish forces at San Juan hill, the little war was over. In the process the United States acquired the Philippine islands, a strong voice in Cuban affairs, and most importantly, status. the political support that McKinley received after the Spanish - American War was"worth" the loss of a few American lives. In addition the control of the Philippine islands gave the United States clout in the far east and a chance to spread the dreams of democracy and Christ. Clearly the forces working behind the Spanish - American War were far different then those that led our forces, only a few decades earlier, into the western frontier. Once the United States had established it's presence in the far east it felt obliged to oversee all that went on in the area. So when Chinese nationalists rebelled against the controlling government, the United States was most eager to get into the action. At the time the United States had issued the "Open Door Policy" which called for the equal financial treatment of all foreign governments. the Boxer rebellion, as it would later be called, gave the United States a chance to strengthen the unpopular policy. 2,500 United States troops were eventually sent into the area and gave the United States the power to push ahead its own personal agenda in China. the threat of political instability and the chance to further outstretch its political sphere of influence were the driving factors behind the United States' involvement in this affair. the Imperialistic McKinley government was not going to sit idly while the other nations of the world edged the United States out of China. These two isolated incidents, when analyzed from a historical frame of reference reveal a growing change in the Imperialistic tendencies of the United States towards the end of the 19th century. the United States was determined to gain a voice in the international arena for the political status it would generate and the strategic benefits it would foster. This country was settled as a satellite to it's mother country, Great Britain, and now it would spread out its own Imperialistic wings to cover the globe with it's own political motivations and moral conscience.

Comparison between Walter Mitty and Holden Caulfield essays

Comparison between Walter Mitty and Holden Caulfield essays Comparison between Walter Mitty and Holden Caulfield Inability to live a successful and fulfilling external life The short story The secret life of Walter Mitty by James Thurber, and the novel The Catcher in the Rye by the author J.D Salinger, are two works of literature of the twentieth century which have been analyzed and criticised broadly. Walter Mitty and Holden Caulfield are the main characters of each of these narrations. Both authors refer to the themes of loneliness, escaping reality, meaning of life, and lack of maturity amongst others. These themes are reflected in the protagonists, and similarities between Mitty and Holden Caulfields personality make these two characters recognizable in literature. Both are engrossed in failure, failure to productive society Walter Mitty is a middle-aged man who escapes from his unhappy and mediocre life into a world of fantasies where he is an outstanding and successful man, where he is respected and does not depend on anyone. This contrasts to his real life, where he is dominated by his wife, Mrs. Mitty, and he is just an ordinary weak man, who is constantly humiliated whenever he interacts with normal people. His fantasies and his real world have almost turned into an indivisible one. His illusions make his life tolerable, fulfilling him at least for a concise time. In the Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield is a sixteen year old boy who has been sent to a mental institution after having a mental breakdown. He is an immature adolescent who is scared of becoming an adult, because he sees adults as phoney, hypocrites and obscene. All this has lead him into depression, because he keeps fighting responsibilities, thinking that that way he can achieve not turning into horrible grown ups image he has. Mitty is constantly daydreaming, for he does not know how to confront life, and is afraid to face reali ...

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 97

Assignment - Essay Example It also leads to an increase in annual crop yields by approximately 30 to 135 million metric tons as well as reduction in projected global mean warming by 0.5Â °C by year 2050 as a result of reductions in ozone in 2030 and beyond. On the other hand BC measures are able to provide significant global climate benefits; however, uncertainties are much larger. In addition, it leads to a reduction in disruptions in regional hydrological cycle, improved agriculture yields and large regional human health benefits. The fact that these policies helps in the protection of food supplies and public health as well as mitigation of climate change may aid in motivating policies to be implemented on the same. Methane and BC measures are complimentary to and distinct from CO2 measures. Early adoption of CH4 and BC measures has little impact on long term temperatures but provides much larger short-term benefits. Mechanisms such as the Prototype Methane Financing Facility and the Clean Development Mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reduces CH4 emissions. Because such measures can provide agricultural benefit, improve health, slow the rate of climate change and enhanced warming mitigation necessitates their early and widespread implementation in order to realize such

How desalination of seawater for use as drinking water relates to the Essay

How desalination of seawater for use as drinking water relates to the principles of osmosis - Essay Example The process utilizes the principle of reverse osmosis and has its own share of advantages and disadvantages. Description and Evaluation Osmosis is defined as â€Å"the passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane that blocks the passage of dissolved solutes† (Kershner, 2012). Technically, water moves from an area of less solute concentration to that of greater solute concentration, because water seeks equilibrium and thus seeks to make the concentration of the area with greater solute more or less equal. It does so through osmosis and water only stops moving once balance is attained or until equal osmotic pressure is reached. This is the state where there is no more movement by solvent. The desalination of water is not osmosis but rather the opposite of it: reverse osmosis (Kershner, 2012). In the case of reverse osmosis, there is movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of greater solute concentration to t hat of less solute concentration, or simply the movement of the solvent away from where solute concentration is relatively higher. ... Applying pressure to saltwater to pass through the semipermeable membrane will make the solvent or water component to pass through but not the relatively bigger particles of salt. Thus, one has salt on one side of the semipermeable membrane and freshwater on the other (Kershner, 2012). See Figure 1 for the schematic diagram of the reverse osmosis desalination plant. Figure 1. Schematic representation of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant Source: http://freshlysqueezedwater.org.uk/waterarticle_reverseosmosis.php The reverse osmosis system includes several features. One of these is the type of semipermeable membrane used, upon which the percentage of tap water impurities removed depends. Cellulose Tri-Acetate, or CTA, membranes possess a removal rate of around 88 to 94% of tap water impurities. Thin Film Composite, or TFC, membranes remove around 94 to 98% of all solids, and Hi-S membranes are responsible for the elimination of 97.5 to 99% of all impurities especially fine silicates (FAQs: Reverse Osmosis Water, 2013). Moreover, the three main components of the system include the high pressure pump, the energy recovery device and the reverse osmosis membranes. The high pressure pump is responsible for providing the pressure needed for seawater in order for it to move from an area of high solute or salt concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. Depending on the salinity and temperature of the seawater, the amount of pressure provided by the high pressure pump ranges from 55 to 85 bars. The pressure then creates not only the movement of the flow of concentrate, but also energy. The energy recovery devices are then responsible for the reuse of the energy coming from the flow of the

In the Mood for Love Essay Example for Free

In the Mood for Love Essay The quote by the author Drucker is a prime example of how non-verbal communication is most of the time more important than the actual answer itself. Body language is an essential element of everyday interaction amongst people. Based on simple hand gestures or a flicker of a smile, one can instantly change the syntax or structural meaning of a sentence. This change could turn a negative sentence into a positive outcome. Throughout the history of cinema body language is a tool that is applied to every movie. Movies by their very nature started of as any elaborate ploy on body language. The silent film era relies on nonverbal communication that is accompanied by visual elements and implanting a specific score in order to suspend disbelief that the audience is sitting an in a dark room watching various shades of light and color onto a screen. The movie In the Mood for Love directed by Kar Wai Wong is a prime example of how the characterization and plot of a movie doesn’t need to revolve around the construction of dialogue between the protagonist and other characters in the movie. To start off I would like to say the cinematographer Christopher Doyle and Pin Bing Lee did a great job in presenting a somewhat stale plot line into a visual masterpiece. There are many examples, of how the cinematography of this movie enables the audience to visualize the budding of a love that happened out of pain, spite, and loneliness. I would like to analyze the cinematography of a scene in order to bring more clarity to how body language is more important. The first scene I would like to examine is in the first act of the movie. Keep in mind during this scene there is no dialogue just a musical score. The faces of the two adulteresses remain obscured throughout the scene. Fade from black no picture in your minds eye the wife Su Li-Zhen is in her apartment with her husband while everyone is playing Mahjong. She takes the chair behind her husband and sits there. When she leaves for a brief instance to let another woman by which is the wife of Mr. Chow. Chow then proceeds to take his queue and exit the room looking troubled and deep in thought walks by and slightly grazes Mrs. Li-Zhen. Li-Zhen then goes to sit down next to her husband and puts her arm on his shoulder. This scene is jam-packed full of visual elements that make this scene very compelling and drives the movie forward with such palpable tension. First, the wife of Mr. Chow is dressed in a vibrant red dress that really pops out from all the dull whites and browns that are present in on the screen. This vibrancy of color and by the nature of all the skin that is revealed above her neck alludes to a characterization that is more sexual, more â€Å"desirable† in comparison to Mrs. Li-Zhen. She is wearing a dull white dressed that is cut in a more traditional and plain way. By the nature of the fabric and patterns on the dress it looks like she is blending in more than standing out. This direct comparison is between the mise en scene of the costuming foreshadows that the wife Mrs. Li-Zhen will become less desirable over time and this will present the problem of some kind of cheating. Also during this scene the very body language present between the two women towards Mr. Li-Zhen is very different. The wife of this man is sitting behind her husband she seems reluctant in showing her affections towards him. She doesn’t really act like they are together she only looks over his shoulder. The camera movement at this scene is very important when the wife walks into the room the camera pans out back to the doorway. Then, The adulteress wife walks from off the screen through the doorway. At this point the camera pans in. The woman in red then proceeds to walk in between the married couple sitting down, and drapes her arms across Mr. Chows back. Mrs. Li-Zhen gets up puts on an insincere smile and backs against the wall. The woman in red seems to push the faithful wife away. This scene is a metaphor down to a tee of what is happening to the Li-Zhen and Chows relationship. The initial distance between the first married couple shows that there is some discontent or rift between them. This body language is very subtle but its possible to see that they aren’t not entirely happy with each other. It’s not until she has her back against a wall and sees the discontent on Mr. Chow’s face do you really see the wife really warm up to her husband. The camera movement during this scene further supports my points on the relationship between the two couples. When the camera pans out it is signifying that even though Mrs. Li-Zhen is getting closer in reality she is quite distant from her husband. This distance is growing and impossible to reverse in this instance. This distance created by turning the shot from a medium, shot to a wide angle. Which sets up the next camera movement where Mrs. Chow comes from off the screen and the camera moves in and follows her as she makes her way towards MR. Li-Zhen. This shows that the there is a shift of desire going from the faithful wife to the new fling. This sexual shift is subtle but very evident once the adulteress pushes the faithful wife. The score during this scene is also very prominent during the entire movie. It is present every time we she a slight shift of the relationship status between the two couples. At first the music indicates that the physical, mental, and sexual attraction between the original couple is shifts towards a more negative outcome. During this scene the music is indicating that the once happy couples are now beginning to shift towards separation. The music cues as Mrs. Li-Zhen walks into the shot from off the screen. The tone and tempo of this piece directly correlates to the overall plot line of the film, and is key to this scene as well. The tone of the piece is a somber one; very little percussion is used in the score. There is a very prominent violin that is playing over other various strings. The tempo of this particular piece starts with slow staccato or â€Å"plucky strings† they start slow and there is able time between the notes to hears brief instance of silent. Then piece revs up to have a very mellow violin playing on top. The use of the tone in the piece reflects on the mood of the entire film and distress of the two that are faithful initially. The tempo of this piece shows that at first everything stress there is some kind of hidden element going on and then it quickens. The heartbreak comes, and now they have to live with it. As the movie progresses however the music becomes an indicator that new found couple having difficultly letting go, but they are making progress towards becoming whole again. When talking about this scene in particular the use of this music directly correlates to the action of what is going on in the scene. At the beginning of the piece the wife is walking into the room. This plucky string part signifies that there will be tension going on between Mrs. Li-Zhen and her husband. The violin is cued in as the camera movement stops and the adulteress wife walks onto the screen. The music is indicating that this woman spells trouble and she is bringing to the movie. Also, as the violin is playing the husband walks out of the room right after a brief pause between the violins solo. You hear a few plucks and silence of the violin at this instance. The silence of the violin signifies that he is not a problem but instead also in trouble from what is happening around him. He exits and the film cuts to the Li-Zhens being more affectionate, yet the sad music is still playing. This foreshadows that no matter what the relationship between these two couples is doomed even though the wife either remains ignorant or refuses to let go. At, which we find out later in the movie she tries to resist letting go the man she married because she cares so deeply for him. For example the original faithful protagonists are eating at a restaurant and both are trying to emulate the other’s old significant other. This movie very eloquently uses subtle metaphor through body language. The visual elements and the musical score help to strengthen the lack of dialogue in order to tell this story in a more compelling way. Body language is a necessary tool to understand in order to have a more in depth understanding of the characterization of the actors in well done films. Without strong body language is possible to sends confusing signals to everyone around you whether it be in the movies or in real life.

Are Zoos Necessary Essay -- Animals Wildlife Papers

Are Zoos Necessary As a child I can remember when I misbehaved the absolute worst punishment my parents could inflict: I would be banished to my bedroom, the length of time depending on the seriousness of the "crime." It seemed that every possible want and desire I had while being punished was related to an activity just outside the confines of that bedroom. The hours seemed like days and the time spent "locked" in my room was unbearable. When I look back on those "torturous" days of my childhood, I can't believe what the big deal was. If I hadn't been punished, most likely I probably would have spent my free time in my bedroom anyway. Who was I kidding, locked in a room with a TV set, all of my toys and comic books, who could possibly consider being confined to this "habitat" as punishment? While I wasn't "confined" for more than a day or two or put on display for other kids in the neighborhood to observe, I can see a resemblance to the animals that are locked up in their "rooms" at the zoo. While their rooms have most of the same things as their natural habitats, it is the thought that they do not get to leave after Mom or Dad has finally broken down and absolved them of their crime. This is their life for the foreseeable future. They haven't misbehaved and they certainly did nothing worthy of being punished for. What right do we have to exert our authority over other non-human species? Shouldn't animals be afforded the same basic rights as you and I? It is my belief that despite their professed concern for animals, zoos remain more "collections" of interesting "items" than actual havens or simulated habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals in captivity, bored, cramped, lonely and far from their n... ...undation 2000. Born Free Foundation < www.bornfree.org.uk > Brown JHS Virtual Zoo. March 1998. Clark County School District. < www.ccsd.net/schools/brown/zoo/index.html > Fritsch, Jane "Elephants in Captivity: A Dark Side," LA Times 5 Oct. 1998 McKenna, Virginia. Beyond the Bars, 1987 Peta Action Alerts. June 2000. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals www.peta-online.org Smith, Val & Kimberly. Personal Interview. 27 July 2000. World Wide Words. Ed. 2000. Michael B. Quinion. www.quinion.com Wise, Steven, Rattling the Cage : Toward Legal Rights For Animals. New York: Perseus, 2000. Zoo Animals To Go. June 2000. Mecury Center <www.mercurycenter.com> Zoocheck. June 2000. Zoocheck Canada < www.zoocheck.com > Zoo in the Wild Editrice del Vascello. 2000 Editrice de Vascello <http://www.naturalia.org/ZOO/welcome.html>

Biographical Analysis of the Crucible Essay

What lies deep down in the Crucible characters that not everyone can see? The former husband of Marilyn Monroe managed to keep one aspect of his life private from the media for over four decades. Was it because of shame, selfishness, or fear? The Crucible is based on the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Miller has read all about the Witch Trials, but has never really understood it until he read the book published by Charles W. Upham, the mayor of Salem at that time (â€Å"Why I Wrote The Crucible†). He knew right away that he had to write about that time period. Even though the play provides an accurate representation of the trials, the truth lies in Arthur Miller’s past history. Pursuing this further, Arthur Miller has hidden a life-long secret that recently has come out. When his son, Daniel was born, Miller was very happy, but immediately knew something was wrong. The doctors had diagnosed the baby with Down syndrome. He was the son of Miller’s third wife, Inge Morath. Miller said. â€Å"I’m going to have to put the baby away†, but Inge wanted to keep him (â€Å"Arthur Miller’s Missing Act†). Within days the baby was gone. They sent him to one of the Connecticut institutions for the mentally retarded. Inge went to see him every day, but Arthur never wanted to set eyes on him. Afterwards, nothing was mentioned of Daniel. He was cut out from Miller’s life. Was it because of selfishness, or fear that the world will know? His personal story seems to contradict his theme in The Crucible. Through the character Abigail Williams, we can see that people are willing to give up and abandon their connection with their own values in order to protect themselves. Just as Abigail hid the fact that she had an affair with John Proctor, Arthur Miller has hidden the fact that he also had a brief affair with Marilyn Monroe. Abigail William is the girl who leads this play into disaster. She is most responsible for the meeting in the woods and when Paris finds out, she tries to conceal it as fast as possible, because if she reveals that she has cast a spell on Elizabeth, it will reveal the affair she had with Elizabeth’s  husband, John Proctor. To protect herself from future punishment that may come, she starts to accuse others of witchcraft. By telling lies, that is how she manipulates the whole town into believing that she is innocent (Miller 114-115). Abigail is independent and she knows that nothing is out of her grasp. Once she finds herself attracted to Proctor, she won’t suppress her desires that she wants him. However many times she reviews her memories, the more she is sure that she is the ideal wife for John. The only thing in the way is Elizabeth. Declaring witchcraft among the majority will keep the secret out of reach. She uses this to create fear and intimidation among the townsmen people. The only reason her evil little plan is working is that the girls have got her back. She has threatened them with violence if they refuse to do as she says. â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters. And that is all. And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. †¦ And I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down!† (Miller 20). In order to get Proctor, she must eliminate Elizabeth and choose her individuals she will accuse wisely. She thinks nothing of the fact that the individuals will be hanged based upon her accusation. When she sees her plan failing, she will react the same by not showing any signs of fear. She has condemned Proctor to hang and flees right away from the town, leaving all the action well behind. John Proctor is the protagonist of the play, while Abigail is the antagonist. One of his flaws is his temper. Proctor leads to shouting and even physical violence. There are occasions in the play where he threatens to whip his wife, servant, and even his ex-mistress, Abigail. He was the average good man, who owned a farm and was respected by everyone he knew. He had three children a good wife to raise a family with and all was well until Abigail came into his life. At first Abigail was the housekeeper, who has quietly come into the life of Proctor. He must have been tempted by her fiery personality, which he cannot resist. This affair only happened, because at that time Elizabeth was sick, which allowed Abigail to make her  first move. John may have also been attracted to Abigail’s personality shown in Act 1. She tells John that the witchcraft isn’t true and that the girls were just having a party with Tituba. â€Å"PROCTOR, his smile widening: Ah, you’re wick ed aren’t y’! You’ll be clapped in the stocks before you’re twenty† (Miller 22). From this line we can conclude that Proctor is charmed by Abigail’s naughty tricks. The temper of John Proctor ties into the anger of Arthur Miller towards the McCarthy hearings. The Crucible relates to the McCarthy hearings, because Arthur Miller claimed to have written The Crucible to criticize the theme, while many people saw the resemblance between the Salem Witch Trials and the McCarthy Hearings. Just like McCarthy, the people of Salem were not interested in facts; instead, they took their hatred towards the people of their community. Miller himself was brought to the House of Un-American Activities Committee and was falsely accused of Communism. (â€Å"Fear as Governance: Arthur Miller The Crucible as Contemporary Reflection†). For the first two acts we see John doing little effect to the play. However, when Act 3 comes into play, he is there to protect his wife. He has three weapons that he can use against the court. First is Abigail’s admission that there was no witchcraft, proof from Mary Warren that the girls were faking, and the fact that he had an affair with Abigail. All this declines in the favor of Abigail. He only ends up ruining his name and getting himself condemned for witchcraft. The only way to save him from being hanged is by admitting that he is with the Devil and that he justifies that he was a bad person anyway. Horror struck when asked to sign his name. By signing his name he believed he will be signing his soul away. Even though, he is so close to being free once again, he refuses to sign his name. He says, â€Å"I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs.† (Miller 144). At first we may believe that The Crucible is just a story about witch trials that took place in Salem, but by paying a greater attention to the  minor details we can understand that the book has another meaning to it. Every detail can be connected to Arthur’s personal life.

Examination of the need for and management of the supply chain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2852 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1. Introduction to supply Chain Management What is a supply chain? What is supply chain management (SCM)? Importance of supply chain management, Overview of supply chain management, Decision phases in a supply chain, Process view of a supply chain, Nature and scope of supply chain management, Managing the supply chain, A model of supply chain management, What is logistics?, What is logistics management?, Logistical competency, Competitiveness and competitive advantage, Gaining competitive advantage through logistics, Integrated supply chains, Supply chain and competitive performance, Evolution of logistics toward supply chain management, Logistical activities, Objectives of logistics management, Role of logistics in (a) supply chain management, (b) the economy and (c) the organization, Logistics costs, Total cost concept, Evolution of supply chain management, Importance of logistics / supply chain management, Focus areas in supply chain management, A frame for structuring supply chain drivers, Change drivers, Review questio ns. A company can identify its supply chain by first selecting a particular product group or product family. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examination of the need for and management of the supply chain" essay for you Create order Then it should trace the flow of materials and information from the final customer (end users) backward through the distribution system, to the manufacturer and then to the suppliers and the source of raw materials. This entire chain of activities and process is known as the supply chain for that product group. A large company will have several supply chains. In a multi-divisional company with many product groups, there could be many different supply chains. For example, large companies such as Procter and Gamble or General Electric may use 50 to 100 different supply chains to bring their products to the market. There has been a great deal of interest recently in industry and academic in the subject of supply chain management. A company can identify its supply chain by first selecting a particular group of product family. Then it should trace the flow of materials and information from the final customer (end users) backward through the distribution system, to the manufacturer a nd then to the suppliers and the source of raw materials. This entire chain of activities and process is referred to s the supply chain for that product group or product family. A large company will have several supply chains. In a multi-divisional company with many product groups, there could be many different supply chains. For example, companies such as General electric or Procter and Gamble may use 50 to 100 different supply chains to bring their products to the market. Exhibit 1.2 illustrates the stages of a detergent supply chain. 2. Important of Supply chain Management Of late, supply chain management is gaining growing importance because of the following reasons : The total time for materials to travels through the entire supply chain can be quite long (say 6 months to one year or more). Since the materials spend so much time waiting in inventory at various stages in the supply chain, there is a great opportunity to reduce the total supply chain cycle time leading to a corresponding reduction in inventory, increased flexibility, reduced costs and better deliveries. Many companies have drastically improved their internal operations and now find it necessary to consider relations with external customers and suppliers in the supply chain to gain further improvements in their operations. Supply chain thinking is an application of systems thinking and provides a basis for understanding processes that cut across a companys internal department and processes that extend outside the company as well. The goals of supply chain management are to reduce uncertainty and risks in the supply chain, thereby positively affecting inventory levels, cycle time, processes and ultimately end-customer service levels. The focus is on system optimization. The design, planning and operation of a supply chain have a strong impact on overall profitability and success. Supply-chain management has become a hot competitive advantage as companies struggle to get the right stuff to the right place at the right time. All the Total quality Management, Just-in-Time system, Reengineering, Team work and Delighting the Customers depends on the relationships with suppliers and distributors who are part of the supply chain. Supply chain management includes transportation vendor, suppliers, distributors, banks, credit and cash transfers, bills payable and receivable, warehousing and inventory levels, order fulfillment and sharing customer, forecasting and production information. As firms strive to increase their competitiveness via produc t customisation, high quality, cost reductions and speed-to-market, they place added emphasis on supply chain management. Supply chain management builds a chain of suppliers that focus on both minimizing waste and maximizing value to the ultimate customer. The key to effective supply chain management is to make suppliers partners in the firms strategy to satisfy the ever-changing market place. 3. Supply Chains : A supply chain consists of all stages involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customers request. It not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers and customers themselves. Within a manufacturing organization, the supply chain includes functions such as new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance and customer service. A supply chain is dynamic and involves the constant flow of information, product and funds between different stages. Each stage of the supply chain performs different processes and interacts with other stages of the supply chain. The primary purpose of the existence of any supply chain is to satisfy customer needs; in the process of generating profits for itself. Supply chain activities begin with a customer order and end when a satisfied customer has paid for his or her purchase. It is not necessary that only one player is involved at each stage of the supply chain. A manufacturer may receive material from several suppliers and then supply to several distributors. Therefore, most supply chains are actually networks and may be called as supply networks or supply webs describe the structure of supply chains. A typical supply chain may involve the following stages: Customers Retailers Wholesalers / Distributors Manufacturers and Component / raw material suppliers. 3.1 Objective of a Supply Chain : The objectives are : To maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates is the difference between what final product is worth to the customer and the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customers request. To achieve maximum supply chain profitability. Supply chain profitability is the total profit to be shared across all supply chain stages. To reduce the supply chain costs to the minimum possible level. Supply chain management involves the management of flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total profitability. 3.2 Decision Phases in a Supply Chain The three decision phases in a supply chain are : Supply chain strategy or design Supply chain planning and Supply chain operation These three phases are briefly described in the following section. Supply Chain Strategy or Design : The company decides how to structure the supply chain during this phase. The Chains configuration and the processes each stage will perform are decided. Strategic or long-range decisions made by companies include (i) The location and capacities of production and warehousing facilities, (ii) Products to be manufactured or stored at various locations, (iii) Modes of transportation to be made available along different shipping legs and (iv) Type of information system to be utilized. The companys strategic objectives must be supported by its supply chain configuration. For instance, a companys decisions regarding the location and capacity of its manufacturing facilities, warehouses and supply sources are all supply chain design or strategic de cisions. Since these decisions are made for the long term, they are very expensive to be changed in the short term. Hence companies need to take into account uncertainty in anticipated market conditions over the next few year before they make supply chain design decisions. Supply Chain Planning : In this phase, companies define a set of operating policies that govern short-term operations. The configuration of supply chain determined in the previous phase establishes constraints within which planning must be carried out. The planning phase starts with a forecast for the coming year of demand in different markets. Supply chain planning includes decisions regarding the following: Which market to be served from which locations. The planned build up of inventories. The subcontracting of manufacturing The replacement and inventory policies to be followed. Policies regarding back up locations in case of a stock out and The timing and size of marketing promotions. P lanning establishes parameters within which a supply chain will function over a specified period of time. However it must be ensured that planning decisions consider the uncertainty in demand, exchange rates and competition over the planning horizon. Supply Chain Operations : During this phase, companies make decisions for the time horizon (weekly or daily) regarding individual customer orders. At this stage. The supply chain configuration is fixed and the planning policies already defined. The supply chain operation aims at implementing the operating policies in the best possible manner. Various activities involved in this phase are : (i) Allocating individual orders to inventory or production, (ii) Setting dates for fulfilling orders, (iii) Generating pick lists at a warehouse, (iv) Allocating an order to a particular shipping mode or shipment, (v) Getting delivery schedules of trucks and (vi) Placing replenishment orders. Because operational decisions are made in the short ter m, there is often less uncertainty about demand information. The design, planning and operation of a supply chain strongly affect the overall profitability and success of a firm. 4. Process view of Supply Chain Two different ways to view the process performed in a supply chain are. 1. Cycle view 2. The push-pull view 1. Cycle View : According to this view the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interface between two successive stages of a supply chain. All supply chain processes can be broken down into the following four process cycles : (a) Customer order cycle, (b) Replacement cycle, (c) Manufacturing cycle and (d) Procurement cycle. Each cycle occurs at the interface between two successive stages of the supply chain. Exhibit 1.3 illustrates the four cycles and five supply chain stages. The four process cycles in the supply chain are briefly discussed in the following section : (i) Customer Order Cycle : This occurs at the customer / retailer interface and include customer arrival, customer order entry, customer order fulfillments and customer order receiving. Customer arrival refers to the customers visiting the lo cation (Supermarket or retail store) where he or she has access to his or her choices and make a decision regarding what to buy, how much to buy and so on. Customer order entry refers to customers telling the retailer what products they want to buy and the retailer allocating those products to customers. Customer order fulfillment refers to process by which the customer order is filled and sent to the customer. Customer order receiving refers to process by which customer receives what he has ordered and takes ownership of the products ordered. (ii) Replenishment Cycle : This occurs at the retailer / distributor interface nd includes all processes involved in replenishing inventory f the retailer. The processes involved in the replenishment cycle include : Retail order trigger, Retailer order entry, Retail order fulfillment and Retailer order receiving. Retail order Trigger : As and when the retailer fills customer order, inventory is depleted which must be replenished to meet future demand. The retailer devises a replenishment or ordering policy which triggers an order on the distributor so as to maximize profitability by balancing product availability and cost. Retail Order Entry : The retailer places the order with the distributor or manufacturer. The purpose of the retail entry process is to ensure that an order is entered accurately and conveyed quickly to all supply chain processes affected by the order. Retail Order Fulfillment : This is a process by which retail order is filled by the distributor or manufacturer. The objective is to get the replenishment order to the retailer on time while minimizing costs. Retail Order Receiving : When the replenishment order arrives at a retailer, the retailer must receive it physically, update all inventory records and settle all product from distributor to the retailer as well as information and financial flows. This process helps to update inventories and displays quickly at the lowest possi ble cost. (iii) Manufacturing Cycle : This occurs at the distributor / manufacturer interface and includes all posses involved in replenishing distributor (or retailer) inventory. The process involved in the manufacturing cycle include (a) Order arrival from the distributor, retailer or customer (b) Production scheduling, (c) Manufacturing and shipping and (d) Receiving at the distributor, retailer or customer. (iv) Procurement Cycle : This occurs at the manufacturer / supplier interface and includes all process necessary to ensure that materials are available for carrying out manufacturing as per the schedule. The manufacturer orders components from suppliers to replenish inventories. Component orders are based on the production schedule. 2. Push / Pull View of Supply Chain Process : All process in the supply chain fall into one of two categories : (i) Push processes and (ii) Pull processes. In pull processes, execution is initiated in response to a customer order. In push processes, execution is in anticipation of customer order. At the time of execution of a pull process, demand is known with certainty whereas at the time of execution of a push process demand is not known but forecasted. A Push / Pull view of the supply chain is useful when considering strategic decision relating to supply chain design. This view facilities a more global consideration of supply chain processes as they relate to a customer order. Pull processes may be regarded as reactive processes because they react to customer demand. Push processes may be regarded as speculative processes because they respond to forecast (speculative) demand rather than actual demand. The Push / Pull boundary in a supply chain helps to separate, push processes from pull processes. For example, in a computer manufacturing company manufacturing personal computers the beginning of assembly process represents the push/pull boundary. All processes carried out prior to assembly are push processes and all processes carried out after and including assembly are pull processes because they are initiated in response to a customer order. 5. Managing The Supply Chain Because supply chain management deals with the complete cycle of materials as they flow from suppliers to production to warehousing to distribution to the customer, there are many opportunities to enhance value. Some of these opportunities are : (i) Postponement : Postponement means delaying any modification or customization to the product as long as possible in the production process. For example, Hewlett-Packard (HP) examined the supply chain for its printer itself and into its power cord. Because of this, HP modified the printer, its power cord, its packaging and its documentation so that only the power cord and documentation needed to be added at the final distribution point. This modification allowed the firm to manufacture and hold centralized inventories of the basic printer for shipment as demand changed only the unique power system and documentation to be held in each country. This understanding of the entire supply chain reduced both risk and investment in inventory. (ii) Channel Assembly : Channel assembly is a variation of postponement. It sends individual components and modules, rather than finished products to the distributor. The distributor then assembles, tests and ships the product to the customers. Channel assembly treats distributors more as manufacturing partners than as distributors. With this strategy, finished goods inventory is reduced because units are built to a shorter, more accurate forecast. Many personal computer manufactures such as Dell, IBM, HP and Compaq have successfully demonstrated the low-cost and rapid-response advantages of the channel assembly. (iii) Drop Shipping and Special Packaging : Drop shipping means the supplier will ship directly to the end consumer, rather than to the seller, saving both time and shipping costs. Other cost saving measures include the use of special packaging, labels and optimal placement of labels and bar codes on containers. (iv) Blanket Orders : A blanket order is a contract to purchase certain items from a vendor. It is not authorization to ship anyting. Shipment environment, there is typically one supplier for all units of a particular product. Payment is made to the units supplied by the supplier without a formal request by the supplier for payment. (v) Invoiceless Purchasing : Invoiceless purchasing is an extension of good purchaser supplier relations. In an invoiceless purchasing environment, there is typically one supplier for all units of a particular product. Payment is made to the units supplied by the supplier without a formal request by the supplier for payment. (vi) Electronic Ordering and Funds Transfer : Transactions between firms are increasingly done via electronic data interchange (EDI) which is a standardized data transmittal format for computerized communications between organizations. (vii) Stockless Purchasing : Stockless purchasing means that the suppliers maintain inventory that is delivered directly to the purchasers usin g department rather than to a store for stocking and using later. (viii) Standardization : Standardisation means reducing the number of varieties in materials and components as an aid to cost reduction. (ix) Other Techniques : Under the umbrella of supply-chain management, a variety of techniques are included. They are : establishing lines of credit for suppliers reducing the time money is in transit co-ordinating production and shipping schedules with suppliers and distributors, sharing market research information and making optimal use of warehouse space.